Why this matters.
The NIS2 Directive (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) replaced the original NIS Directive and greatly widened who must meet EU cybersecurity rules. Member states had to apply it from 18 October 2024. It generally covers medium and large organisations (50 or more staff, or over €10 million turnover and balance sheet) in the sectors listed in Annex I, such as energy, transport, banking, health, digital infrastructure and managed IT services, and Annex II, such as postal services, waste, chemicals, food, manufacturing and digital providers. Some providers, including DNS and trust service providers, are covered whatever their size. In-scope organisations are either essential or important entities (Article 3), and many must register with their national authority.
NIS2 makes cybersecurity a board-level duty. Management must approve and oversee security measures and take training, and can be held personally liable (Article 20). Organisations must put in place the risk-management measures in Article 21, including incident handling, business continuity and backups, supply chain security, multi-factor authentication and encryption, and report significant incidents within 24 hours (early warning), 72 hours (notification) and one month (final report) under Article 23. Fines reach at least €10 million or 2% of worldwide turnover for essential entities and €7 million or 1.4% for important entities (Article 34). Several member states transposed late, so check your national law as well.